John Knox (c. 1514-1572) was a Scottish clergyman and theologian who became the principal leader of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland and the founder of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Influenced by reformers including John Calvin, whom he encountered during a period of exile in Geneva, Knox returned to Scotland in 1559 and led a movement that overthrew Catholic authority and established a Reformed national church governed by ministers and elders rather than bishops. A forceful preacher and prolific writer, including works opposing female rule that put him at odds with Mary, Queen of Scots, Knox played a central role in shaping Scotland's religious and political institutions for centuries afterward.
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