History Atlas
Claims this atlas currently marks as unsettled or as tested and found false. A debated fact is one scholars hold competing positions on; a debunked one has been checked against the record and found not to hold. Both are kept in view rather than quietly smoothed over, with the reasoning that put each one where it stands.
168 statements.
The Digital Revolution, Year1975
The Digital Revolution, Events
Standing
Concerns Year
Currently States 1975
The Digital Revolution has no single starting date. The choice of 1975 reflects the early spread of personal computing, but its roots extend back to mid twentieth century computing research, and its most transformative effects, including the internet and smartphones, arrived decades later.
Source The Oxford History of the Twentieth Century
The Digital Revolution, Common NameThird Industrial Revolution
The Digital Revolution, Events
Standing
Concerns Common Name
Currently States Third Industrial Revolution
Some historians and economists use Third Industrial Revolution as a synonym for the Digital Revolution; others reserve that term specifically for mid-twentieth-century automation and electronics (roughly 1950s-1970s) and treat the internet/personal-computing era as a later, distinct phase. Not a settled usage.
Source The Oxford History of the Twentieth Century
The Early Modern Period, Start Year1453
The Early Modern Period, Eras
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States 1453
1453 is used here to align with the close of the medieval period, but many historians instead date the beginning of the early modern period to 1492, Columbus's first voyage, or to 1500 as a round marker.
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica
The Early Modern Period, End Year1789
The Early Modern Period, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 1789
The French Revolution in 1789 is the most common marker for the end of the early modern period, though some historians prefer 1800 as a round number, or treat the transition to the following era as gradual rather than tied to any single event.
Source The New Cambridge Modern History
The Enlightenment, Start Year1715
The Enlightenment, Eras
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States 1715
Traditionally dated from the death of Louis XIV in 1715, though the movement's intellectual roots reach back into the late seventeenth century and some historians extend the period into the early nineteenth century.
Source Wikipedia
The Enlightenment, End Year1789
The Enlightenment, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 1789
Conventionally closed with the French Revolution in 1789, though this boundary is not universally accepted.
Source Wikipedia
The Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Year476
The Fugger Banking and Merchant House, Founded1487
The Fugger Banking and Merchant House, Organizations
Standing
Concerns Founded
Currently States 1487
Dated to Jakob Fugger's rise to control of the family business and its Tyrolean silver and Hungarian copper mining interests in the late 1480s; the family's mercantile activity in Augsburg predates this by a generation.
Source Wikipedia
The Gilded Age, Start Year1877
The Gilded Age, Eras
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States 1877
Conventionally dated from the late 1870s, often anchored to the end of Reconstruction in 1877; historians vary on the exact starting point.
The Gilded Age, End Year1896
The Gilded Age, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 1896
Conventionally closed in the late 1890s, sometimes extended to the 1900 election; historians vary on the exact end point.
The Great Zimbabwe Period, Start Year1220
The Great Zimbabwe Period, End Year1450
The Great Zimbabwe Period, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 1450
Major stone construction ran from the 11th to 15th centuries and the site was not fully abandoned until the 16th or 17th century; 1450 marks the end of the kingdom's major building and imperial power rather than final abandonment.
Source Wikipedia: Great Zimbabwe
The Gupta Empire, CapitalPataliputra (reputed; disputed among historians)
The Gupta Empire, Polities
Standing
Concerns Capital
Currently States Pataliputra (reputed; disputed among historians)
Sources call Pataliputra the dynasty's reputed capital, but historians dispute whether it was in fact the Gupta capital, and even the dynasty's own homeland region is uncertain.
Source Wikipedia: Gupta Empire
The Gupta Empire, Start Year250
The Gupta Empire, Polities
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States 250
The empire's own lead dating is century level, mid third to mid sixth century CE; 250 and 550 are representative years within those centuries, not exact founding or end dates (matching the dating convention already used on the sibling Gupta Golden Age era entity, 270883).
Source Wikipedia: Gupta Empire
The Gupta Empire, End Year550
The Gupta Empire, Polities
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 550
The empire's own lead dating is century level, mid third to mid sixth century CE; 250 and 550 are representative years within those centuries, not exact founding or end dates (matching the dating convention already used on the sibling Gupta Golden Age era entity, 270883).
Source Wikipedia: Gupta Empire
The Gupta Golden Age, Start Year250
The Gupta Golden Age, Eras
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States 250
The empire's own lead dating is century level, mid third to mid sixth century CE; 250 and 550 are representative years within those centuries, not exact founding or end dates.
Source Wikipedia: Gupta Empire
The Gupta Golden Age, End Year550
The Gupta Golden Age, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 550
The empire's own lead dating is century level, mid third to mid sixth century CE; 250 and 550 are representative years within those centuries, not exact founding or end dates.
Source Wikipedia: Gupta Empire
The Hellenistic Period, End Year-30
The Hellenistic Period, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States -30
Scholars are divided on which event should mark the Hellenistic period's end. The atlas follows the majority convention of 30 BCE (the Battle of Actium and the Roman annexation of Ptolemaic Egypt under Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony's defeat), but the literature proposes alternative endpoints ranging from 146 BCE (Rome's conquest of the Greek mainland) at the early end to 330 CE (Constantine's founding of Constantinople) at the late end, reflecting genuine disagreement about how long Hellenistic political, cultural and religious forms continued to shape the eastern Mediterranean after Rome's conquest of Egypt.
Source Wikipedia: Hellenistic Period
The Hundred Years' War, Death Toll, Low Estimate2300000.000000
The Hundred Years' War, Events
Standing
Concerns Death Toll, Low Estimate
Currently States 2300000.000000
Rough order-of-magnitude estimate for direct and indirect (famine, associated violence) deaths across the war's 116 years (1337-1453), per general military-historical demography; medieval record-keeping cannot isolate war deaths cleanly from the concurrent Black Death and recurring regional famine, so this range is treated as illustrative rather than precise.
Source Edward III (Britannica)
The Hundred Years' War, Death Toll, High Estimate3300000.000000