This article records tradition as it has been passed down and reported. Its sources are not yet part of the atlas's verified catalogue.
When the Dutch East India Company, the VOC, was chartered by the States General in 1602, it did something no trading venture had done before: it sold permanent, tradable shares to the public and pooled the capital of thousands of investors, from wealthy merchants to ordinary Amsterdam residents, into one continuously operating enterprise rather than the single-voyage partnerships that had financed earlier Dutch trade with Asia. Femme Gaastra's study of the Company traces how this innovation, permanent share capital, a professional board of directors, and, from 1611, an organized secondary market in its shares on the Amsterdam exchange, effectively invented the modern publicly traded corporation. The charter went further still, granting the VOC quasi-sovereign powers unheard of for a commercial firm: the right to wage war, negotiate treaties, coin money, and govern territory across Asia in the Republic's name. That combination of private capital and public power let the VOC out-compete the Portuguese and challenge English rivals across the spice-producing islands of the East Indies, paying shareholders reliable dividends for the better part of two centuries. The same structure that built its early success eventually contributed to its downfall: chronic corruption among its overseas officials, mounting debt from near-constant warfare, and the disruption of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War left the Company insolvent by the 1790s, and the Dutch state nationalized what remained of it in 1799.