Disputed Statements

French Wars of Religion, Events

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Death Toll, High Estimate

Currently States 4000000.000000

The higher end of the same estimate, roughly a sixth of France's pre-war population, carrying the same verifiability caveat as the lower bound.

Source The French Wars of Religion, 1559-1598, R. J. Knecht

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639), Events

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Description

Currently States A compact of eleven orders ratified 14 January 1639 by freemen of Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield, establishing an annually elected governor, a General Court of elected magistrates and deputies, and a franchise resting on admission as a freeman rather than on membership in a gathered church, a real departure from the church membership test then governing the vote in Massachusetts Bay. Thomas Hooker did not draft the Orders himself, and no transcript of his May 1638 sermon survives in his own hand; the tradition crediting him rests on a later secondhand account and on echoes of the sermon in the language and structure of what the towns went on to ratify. Historians have called the Fundamental Orders the first written constitution to create a government in the English colonies, though the label competes with earlier corporate charters, and later scholarship has cautioned against reading a fully modern constitutional theory back onto a document written to settle a practical question among three neighboring towns.

Source Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639 (Avalon Project, Yale Law School)

Genghis Khan, Historical Figures

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Birth Year

Currently States 1155

According To Rashid al-Din, Jami al-Tawarikh (Ilkhanid Persian chronicle, early 14th century)

No source contemporary with Genghis Khan's birth survives; three principal traditions propose different years, and no consensus exists.

Source The Cambridge Medieval History

Genghis Khan, Historical Figures

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Birth Year

Currently States 1167

According To Yuan Shi (official Chinese dynastic history of the Yuan, compiled 1370)

Compiled well over a century after Genghis Khan's death, from Mongol court records.

Source The Cambridge Medieval History

Genghis Khan, Historical Figures

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Birth Year

Currently States 1162

According To Secret History of the Mongols (as reconstructed by Ratchnevsky)

Derived from the internal chronology of the Secret History of the Mongols rather than from an explicit date in it.

Source The Cambridge Medieval History

Genghis Khan, Historical Figures

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Birthplace

Currently States Near the confluence of the Onon and Balj rivers, in what is now Khentii Province, Mongolia (traditionally identified as Deluun Boldog)

According To Secret History of the Mongols / Mongolian tradition

The Secret History of the Mongols and Mongolian tradition name this general area, but no exact site can be reconciled with certainty by modern historians and geographers.

Source Wikipedia tier 2

Genghis Khan, Historical Figures

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Death Date

Currently States 1227-08-18

According To Yuan Shi (Yuan dynastic history) tradition

The History of Yuan (Yuan Shi) and many modern historians date his death to this day, during the campaign against Western Xia; the precise day is not agreed among sources.

Source Wikipedia tier 2

Genghis Khan, Historical Figures

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Death Date

Currently States 1227-08-25

According To Alternative modern reconstruction

An alternative reckoning of the same campaign's events places his death six days later; sources disagree on which day within this window is correct.

Source Wikipedia tier 2

Great Zimbabwe, Civilizations

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns End Year

Currently States 1600

Great Zimbabwe was abandoned by the sixteenth or seventeenth century; historians propose several contributing causes, including decline in long-distance trade, depletion of local resources, and exhaustion of water or grazing capacity, while a climate-change explanation is considered unlikely given otherwise favorable rainfall in the period. Shona oral tradition attributes the abandonment to a salt shortage, possibly a figurative account rather than a literal one.

Source Wikipedia: Great Zimbabwe tier 2

Hammurabi, Historical Figures

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Birth Year

Currently States -1810

Hammurabi own birth date is not directly recorded; circa 1810 BC is inferred from his reign dates, circa 1792 to 1750 BC, which are themselves subject to the wider unresolved dispute among historians over Mesopotamian chronology.

Source Encyclopaedia Britannica

Hammurabi, Historical Figures

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Death Year

Currently States -1750

1750 BC is the conventional end date of Hammurabi reign under the widely used Middle Chronology. Other Mesopotamian chronological schemes shift this and every other Old Babylonian date by up to several decades, a dispute that remains genuinely unresolved among historians.

Source Encyclopaedia Britannica

Hannibal, Historical Figures

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Death Year

Currently States -183

Wikipedia gives a range of 183 to 181 BC for the year of death (aged between 64 and 66); 183 BC, the earliest year in the range, is recorded here.

Source Wikipedia: Hannibal tier 2

Hanseatic League, Organizations

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Founded

Currently States 1356

The first formal Hanseatic Diet met at Lubeck on 2 February 1356, but merchant associations already calling themselves a hansa were active from the mid twelfth century, and Lubeck and Hamburg had formed an official trading partnership by 1241.

Source Hanseatic League (World History Encyclopedia)

Hanseatic League, Organizations

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Dissolved

Currently States 1862

The last Hanseatic Diet met at Lubeck in 1669 with fewer than ten cities represented, after which the League functioned only as a residual legal association among Lubeck, Hamburg and Bremen; that association was not formally dissolved until 1862.

Source Hanseatic League (World History Encyclopedia)

Harold Godwinson, Historical Figures

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Birth Year

Currently States 1022

The infobox gives Harold's birth as circa 1022 or 1023; the earlier of the two candidate years is recorded here.

Source Wikipedia: Harold Godwinson tier 2

Harun al-Rashid, Historical Figures

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Birth Year

Currently States 763

Sources give two candidate birth years, 17 March 763 or February 766; the exact year is unresolved.

Source Wikipedia: Harun al-Rashid tier 2

John of England, Historical Figures

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Birth Year

Currently States 1167

The infobox gives John's birth as Christmastide 1166/7, ambiguous between the two years; 1167 is recorded here as the commonly cited year.

Source Wikipedia: John, King of England tier 2

King John of England, Historical Figures

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Description

Currently States The youngest son of Henry II, John inherited the Angevin realm, England joined by fiefs across western France, on his brother Richard I's death in 1199, and spent his reign fighting to hold it together. He lost Normandy and most of the Angevin lands in France to Philip II by 1204, a defeat that starved his treasury and drove the harsh taxation and arbitrary justice that turned his barons against him. A long dispute with Pope Innocent III over the archbishopric of Canterbury brought England under interdict from 1208 and John himself under excommunication from 1209, a rupture he resolved in 1213 only by submitting England as a papal fief. Baronial rebellion followed anyway, and John sealed Magna Carta at Runnymede in June 1215 to buy peace, then had Pope Innocent III annul it within weeks, an act that triggered the First Barons' War and left him fighting rebel barons and their French allies until his death in October 1216. Medieval chroniclers, writing largely from monastic houses he had taxed and antagonized, handed down a reputation as one of England's worst kings, cruel, faithless and incompetent; that verdict has been the atlas's traditional reading, though it is a genuinely disputed one (see the recorded dissent).

Source John, King of England (Britannica)

Krupp, Organizations

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Dissolved

Currently States 1999

Krupp did not close; in 1999 Fried. Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp merged with Thyssen AG to form ThyssenKrupp AG, ending Krupp's existence as an independent company while its operations continue within the merged firm.

Source Krupp Family and Firm (Encyclopaedia Britannica), Encyclopaedia Britannica Editors tier 1

Late Antiquity, Eras

Standing Scholarly debate

Concerns Start Year

Currently States 200

Conventionally placed in the third century CE; the exact starting point is disputed and depends on which region and which historian's framework is used.

Source Wikipedia tier 2